fs/xattr: add *at family syscalls

Add the four syscalls setxattrat(), getxattrat(), listxattrat() and
removexattrat().  Those can be used to operate on extended attributes,
especially security related ones, either relative to a pinned directory
or on a file descriptor without read access, avoiding a
/proc/<pid>/fd/<fd> detour, requiring a mounted procfs.

One use case will be setfiles(8) setting SELinux file contexts
("security.selinux") without race conditions and without a file
descriptor opened with read access requiring SELinux read permission.

Use the do_{name}at() pattern from fs/open.c.

Pass the value of the extended attribute, its length, and for
setxattrat(2) the command (XATTR_CREATE or XATTR_REPLACE) via an added
struct xattr_args to not exceed six syscall arguments and not
merging the AT_* and XATTR_* flags.

[AV: fixes by Christian Brauner folded in, the entire thing rebased on
top of {filename,file}_...xattr() primitives, treatment of empty
pathnames regularized.  As the result, AT_EMPTY_PATH+NULL handling
is cheap, so f...(2) can use it]

Signed-off-by: Christian Göttsche <cgzones@googlemail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240426162042.191916-1-cgoettsche@seltendoof.de
Reviewed-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Reviewed-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
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[brauner: slight tweaks]
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>

include/uapi/linux/xattr.h

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 */
 
 #include <linux/libc-compat.h>
+#include <linux/types.h>
 
 #ifndef _UAPI_LINUX_XATTR_H
 #define _UAPI_LINUX_XATTR_H
@@ -20,6 +21,12 @@
 
 #define XATTR_CREATE	0x1	/* set value, fail if attr already exists */
 #define XATTR_REPLACE	0x2	/* set value, fail if attr does not exist */
+
+struct xattr_args {
+	__aligned_u64 __user value;
+	__u32 size;
+	__u32 flags;
+};
 #endif
 
 /* Namespaces */